Explanation
Neoliberalism is a dominant paradigm in global economic and political policy since the late 20th century. It promotes privatization, deregulation, austerity, and the reduction of state influence in favor of individual responsibility and market-based solutions. Originating with thinkers such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman, neoliberalism gained political traction through leaders like Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. In the neoliberal logic, social issues are reframed as problems of individual performance, while inequality is justified by market efficiency.
Critics argue that neoliberalism exacerbates social inequality, weakens democratic institutions, and undermines public services. In critical criminology and sociology, neoliberalism is linked to increased surveillance, punitive welfare systems, and the expansion of carceral control—topics addressed by scholars like Loïc Wacquant, David Harvey, and Thomas Mathiesen.Loïc Wacquant – Punishing the Poor (2009)
Theoretical Reference
Neoliberalism is a key concept in critical sociology, political economy, and post-Foucauldian governance studies. It intersects with theories of governmentality (Foucault), punitive neoliberalism (Wacquant), and risk society (Beck).