Control Theory

Explanation

Control Theory is a criminological perspective that asks not why people commit crimes, but rather why most people conform to rules and laws. The central assumption is that human beings are naturally inclined toward deviance, and that social control mechanisms are necessary to restrain such impulses.

The most influential version of the theory is Travis Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory (1969), which identifies four key elements that tie individuals to society:

1. Attachment – Emotional ties to others (e.g., parents, peers, teachers)

2. Commitment – Investment in conventional goals (e.g., education, career)

3. Involvement – Participation in conventional activities that leave less time for deviance

4. Belief – Acceptance of moral validity of laws and social norms

If these social bonds are strong, individuals are less likely to offend. When they are weak or broken, the risk of deviance increases.

Later developments include Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), which shifts the focus from external social bonds to internal self-regulation formed early in life.