Sociology & Criminology for a Changing World
Routine Activity Theory explains crime as a situational event that emerges when three elements converge in time and space: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. Key Points Routine Activity Approach (RAT) Main Proponents: Lawrence E. Cohen, Marcus Felson, Ronald V. Clarke First Published: 1979 (Cohen & Felson) Country
Deterrence theory explains crime as the result of rational decision-making, where individuals weigh the expected costs of punishment against the potential benefits of offending. The central aim of deterrence is to prevent crime by increasing the perceived risks associated with criminal behavior. Key Points Deterrence Theory Main Proponents: Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, Franz von Liszt,
Rational Choice Theory explains crime as the result of deliberate, goal-oriented decision-making. Offenders weigh expected benefits against anticipated costs and choose to commit crime when it appears to maximize their personal utility. Key Points Rational Choice Theory Main Proponents: Gary S. Becker, Derek Cornish, Ronald Clarke First Formulations: 1960s–1980s Country of Origin: United States, United