Sociology & Criminology for a Changing World
Turning Point Theory, also known as the Age-Graded Life-Course Theory of Crime, was developed by Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub. This influential approach in developmental criminology argues that criminal behaviour is not static over the life course. Instead, it can change in response to key life events or turning points that strengthen or
Deterrence theory explains crime as the result of rational decision-making, where individuals weigh the expected costs of punishment against the potential benefits of offending. The central aim of deterrence is to prevent crime by increasing the perceived risks associated with criminal behavior. Key Points Deterrence Theory Main Proponents: Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, Franz von Liszt,
Classical criminology explains crime as the result of rational decision-making by free and responsible individuals. The Classical School of Criminology emphasizes deterrence, proportional punishment, and equality before the law as the foundation of modern criminal justice systems. Key Points Classical Criminology Main Proponents: Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, John Howard, Samuel Romilly, John Anselm von Feuerbach,