Explanation
Middle class refers to social groups occupying an intermediate position within systems of social stratification. Although definitions vary across societies and theoretical perspectives, the middle class is commonly associated with stable income, educational qualifications, professional or administrative occupations, and relative economic security.
In sociology, the middle class is often linked to:
- consumption-oriented lifestyles,
- educational aspirations,
- cultural distinction,
- home ownership,
- and social mobility.
Contemporary sociologists emphasize that the middle class is internally diverse and increasingly fragmented. Economic insecurity, precarious employment, rising housing costs, and digital transformation have challenged traditional middle-class identities and expectations in many late modern societies.
Researchers also examine how middle-class values shape urban development, gentrification, consumption culture, educational competition, and forms of social exclusion.
Theoretical Reference
Middle class is associated with social stratification theory, Pierre Bourdieu, Max Weber, Andreas Reckwitz, urban sociology, and theories of social inequality.