Explanation
Criminal responsibility defines the minimum requirements for when a person can be prosecuted and punished under criminal law. The central factor is usually age: individuals below a legally defined age threshold are considered incapable of bearing criminal responsibility, as they are deemed insufficiently mature to understand the consequences of their actions. Other aspects, such as mental capacity or diminished responsibility, may also influence whether someone can be held criminally liable. The exact age and criteria vary across legal systems.
Theoretical Reference
Criminal responsibility is closely linked to theories of punishment and social control. Debates about lowering the age of criminal responsibility reflect broader discussions on punitivity, deterrence, and the balance between education and sanctioning. In contrast, rehabilitative perspectives emphasize protection, prevention, and reintegration rather than punishment.