Ideology

Structuralism in sociology refers to a macro- and cultural-theoretical paradigm that understands social reality as the expression of underlying, often unconscious structural patterns. Society does not primarily emerge through individual meaning-making or functional system performance, but through supra-individual ordering principles—linguistic, symbolic, or cultural structures—that shape individual action. At the center lies the guiding question: How

continue …

Critical theory is a major paradigm in sociology that understands social reality as a historically developed order of domination. Society does not primarily emerge through functional integration or communicative self-reference, but through power relations, economic structures, and ideological mediation. At the center lies the guiding question: How are relations of domination socially stabilized—and how is

continue …

Marxist Criminology represents a critical approach that views crime and criminal justice as products of social inequality and class conflict. Building on Marxist social theory, these perspectives argue that law and punishment serve the interests of the dominant class by maintaining existing power structures and controlling marginalized groups. Rather than seeing crime as the result

continue …