Horkheimer

Critical theory is a major paradigm in sociology that understands social reality as a historically developed order of domination. Society does not primarily emerge through functional integration or communicative self-reference, but through power relations, economic structures, and ideological mediation. At the center lies the guiding question: How are relations of domination socially stabilized—and how is

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Dialectic of Enlightenment is considered one of the key works of Critical Theory and a milestone in twentieth-century sociological analysis. Originally published in 1944 in exile in the United States under the title Philosophical Fragments, it was not released in its complete form under its current title until 1969. The work explores the dark side

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