Explanation
The state is a formal political organization with the power to make and enforce laws, collect taxes, and monopolize the legitimate use of force (as defined by Max Weber). It includes institutions such as the police, courts, and legislature. The state plays a central role in regulating crime, enforcing social control, and managing welfare and security.
Theoretical Reference
Weber, Foucault, Marx, and modern critical criminology (e.g., Loïc Wacquant) analyze the state’s role in governance and control.