Explanation
Routine Activity Theory is a criminological approach developed by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979. The theory argues that crime occurs when specific situational conditions converge in time and space.
According to the theory, three elements are necessary for crime to occur:
- a motivated offender,
- a suitable target,
- and the absence of capable guardianship.
Rather than focusing primarily on offender motivation or social pathology, Routine Activity Theory examines how everyday routines and social organization structure opportunities for crime.
Changes in routine activities — such as work patterns, leisure activities, urban mobility, or household structures — may alter crime rates by changing the convergence of offenders, targets, and guardians.
The theory became highly influential within environmental criminology, situational crime prevention, and opportunity-based approaches to crime.
Theoretical Reference
Routine Activity Theory is associated with Lawrence E. Cohen, Marcus Felson, environmental criminology, opportunity theory, and situational crime prevention.