Explanation
Operant conditioning is a behavioral learning theory developed primarily by psychologist B. F. Skinner. The concept explains how behavior is shaped by its consequences.
According to operant conditioning, behaviors followed by rewarding outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors associated with punishment or negative consequences become less likely.
The theory distinguishes between several mechanisms:
- positive reinforcement through rewards or approval,
- negative reinforcement through removal of unpleasant conditions,
- punishment discouraging behavior,
- and extinction of behavior through lack of reinforcement.
Operant conditioning became highly influential in psychology, education, behavioral therapy, and criminology. In criminological learning theories, deviant behavior may be reinforced through peer approval, status, emotional gratification, financial rewards, or successful avoidance of sanctions.
The concept strongly influenced Social Learning Theory, which applies behavioral learning principles to the explanation of crime and deviance.
Theoretical Reference
Operant conditioning is associated with B. F. Skinner, behavioral psychology, learning theory, and Social Learning Theory.