Explanation
Institutional racism refers to the policies, practices, and structures within social institutions (such as law enforcement, education, housing, and healthcare) that systematically disadvantage certain racial or ethnic groups. Unlike individual prejudice, it operates at the structural level, often in subtle or normalized ways. Examples include discriminatory policing practices, unequal school funding, and biased hiring processes. The concept highlights how racism is not merely personal but woven into the fabric of society, reinforcing inequality over time.
Theoretical Reference
Critical Race Theory