Explanation
Labeling Theory argues that deviance is not inherent in any act but is defined through social reactions and labels applied by others. When authorities, institutions, or communities label someone as “deviant,” this label can shape their self-concept and lead to further deviant behavior—a process known as secondary deviance. The theory emphasizes power dynamics in defining what is considered deviant and highlights how marginalized groups are disproportionately labeled.
Theoretical Reference
Howard S. Becker – Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance