punitiveness

Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear (2007) is an influential work by American legal sociologist Jonathan Simon. Simon demonstrates how the fight against crime has become a comprehensive governmental paradigm in the United States since the 1970s—with far-reaching consequences for democratic institutions, social relations,

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The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (2001) is one of the central works of contemporary critical criminology. The British sociologist David Garland analyzes the fundamental transformation of Western penal and security policies since the 1970s. His central thesis: we live in a “culture of control” characterized by insecurity, punitiveness (from

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