Sociology & Criminology for a Changing World
Interactionist and labelling approaches constitute a paradigm shift in criminological theory. Rather than explaining crime as the outcome of static individual pathologies or deterministic social factors, these perspectives emphasise the social construction of deviance through processes of interaction, attribution, and power. Crime, in this view, is not a self-evident act but an outcome of societal
Crime, Shame and Reintegration (1989) by John Braithwaite is a foundational text in criminology that builds on labelling theory, control theories, and social disorganization theory. Braithwaite’s concept of shaming analyzes the social processes that invoke shame as a form of social control. He distinguishes between two types: disintegrative shaming, which stigmatizes and excludes offenders, and
Seductions of Crime (1988) by Jack Katz is a landmark study that challenges conventional criminological theories by focusing on the subjective experiences, emotions, and immediate gratifications that accompany criminal acts. Rather than viewing crime solely through structural or rational-choice lenses, Katz analyzes the sensual and moral attractions that seduce offenders into transgressive behavior. His work
Feminist criminology emerged in the 1970s as a critical response to the male-dominated theories and practices of mainstream criminology. It challenged the neglect of women’s experiences both as offenders and as victims, criticizing criminological theories for treating male behavior as the norm and simply assuming that it applies to women. Feminist criminology also exposes the
Outsiders, published in 1963 by Howard S. Becker, is one of the foundational works of labelling theory and the sociology of deviance. Becker analyzes how certain behaviors come to be defined as deviant, showing that deviance is not an inherent quality of an act but a result of social processes of definition, attribution, and enforcement.
Edwin M. Lemert’s concept of primary and secondary deviance is one of the most influential contributions to labelling theory. Building on symbolic interactionism and early ideas from Frank Tannenbaum’s „tagging“ concept, Lemert showed how social reactions to initial rule-breaking can shape identities and careers in deviance. Key Points Primary and Secondary Deviance Main Proponent: Edwin